An engineering logbook sharing field experiences, in-depth technical analyses, and expert insights.
“Gravity Never Fails”: The Physical Foundations of SIL 4 Relay Technology Can high-security industrial relays be used in interlocking systems? Or are only system-level certified SIL 4 relays permitted? This question highlights a widespread conceptual confusion in the industry. The…
SIL 4 (Safety Integrity Level 4) safety relays, one of the most critical safety components in railway signaling projects, present significant supply risks and cost pressures due to the current market structure. This report analyzes the monopolistic nature of the…
Read perpetrator motivation from crime scene evidence, notify the right unit. The most critical bottleneck in physical crime scene interventions is differentiating whether the incident is a simple criminal case (theft) or a national security threat (sabotage). Misclassification leads to…
Infrastructure Resilience and Physical Attack Report Across Theft, Sabotage, and Terrorism Global railway networks are caught between economically motivated theft driven by rising commodity prices and strategic sabotage fueled by geopolitical tensions. This study presents the statistical distribution of railway…
